對(duì)于我們中國(guó)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者來(lái)說(shuō),通過(guò)了解某種調(diào)型所表示的某種態(tài)度或口氣也就頗為重要。事實(shí)上,無(wú)論是在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中還是在考試中,我們的學(xué)生常會(huì)因?yàn)閷?duì)這些知識(shí)缺乏了解而無(wú)法確定說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度、的感情、的口吻和意圖等。然而這又是一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。北京新東方泡泡少兒夏令營(yíng)將通過(guò)具體的例子從兩方面來(lái)說(shuō)明這個(gè)問(wèn)題:
I.一句話中絕對(duì)調(diào)高及音調(diào)的相對(duì)高度所包含的意義
眾所周知,人們?cè)谂d奮、的驚訝或感情激動(dòng)時(shí)說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)調(diào)就高,而在相反的情況下,語(yǔ)調(diào)則低。因此,在同一個(gè)場(chǎng)合中,如果一個(gè)人的語(yǔ)調(diào)明顯高于另一個(gè),或明顯低于另一個(gè),以此就可以推斷出該說(shuō)話人的意思及態(tài)度。
這里我們要著重談?wù)勔痪湓捴姓Z(yǔ)調(diào)的相對(duì)高度的不同所包含的意義。一句話中的語(yǔ)調(diào)波峰一般都是句重音所在。通過(guò)一句話中的語(yǔ)調(diào)波峰所在,我們就可以了解說(shuō)話人的意思。如人們讀“I live in the city.”這句話時(shí),由于強(qiáng)調(diào)的對(duì)象不同,語(yǔ)調(diào)也就隨之發(fā)生了變化?,F(xiàn)不妨比較如下:
I(↗)live in the city.(隱含著在場(chǎng)的其他人不住在城里的意思)
I live(↗)in the city.(表示“我”只是“住在”城里,其隱含的意思是“我不在城里工作”或其他意思)
I live in(↗)the city.(表示“我住在城里邊”,其隱含的意思是“我不住在城外”)
因此,對(duì)下面的對(duì)話所提問(wèn)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行選擇時(shí),就不難回答了。
3)M:Linda looked very tired these days.
W:She looked OK to me(↗).
Q:What does the woman think of Linda?(D)
[A]She saw Linda and me.
[B]Linda said she was fine.
[C]She looked up the word for me.
[D]She considered Linda was all right.
這句話里的句重音碰巧落在句子的最后一個(gè)單詞“me”上。因?yàn)榕坑蒙{(diào)重讀“me”,這表示了女士有意與男士的看法形成對(duì)比,意思是:在你的眼里,她顯得疲憊,可在我看來(lái),她沒(méi)什么問(wèn)題。這表示了她那種無(wú)所謂的態(tài)度。
II.某些句型由于句尾語(yǔ)調(diào)的改變而引起意義改變的現(xiàn)象
1.使用疑問(wèn)詞who,which,what, how,when,where,why的特殊疑問(wèn)句可以用降調(diào)也可以用升調(diào),但含義是不同的。如:
4)A:Mr.Smith thinks we ought to get the money in hand first.
B:Who?(↗)
A:Mr.Smith.
B用升調(diào)說(shuō)“Who”,表示聽(tīng)不清對(duì)方談話中的某一部分,要求對(duì)方再重復(fù)那一部分。
5)A:We'd like to have someone to say a word at the beginning to welcome the group.
B:Who?(↙)
A:We thought that you or Dr.Johnson might do it.
B用降調(diào)說(shuō)“Who”,其意思是問(wèn),對(duì)方想讓誰(shuí)在開(kāi)場(chǎng)時(shí)致歡迎詞。
2.附加疑問(wèn)句可以讀升調(diào)也可以讀降調(diào),意思是不相同的。降調(diào)表示發(fā)問(wèn)者相信陳述句的內(nèi)容,只等對(duì)方證實(shí)。升調(diào)表示發(fā)問(wèn)者對(duì)陳述句內(nèi)容的真實(shí)性沒(méi)有把握,希望對(duì)方作出自己的判斷。如:
6)A:You willfinish the work,won't you?(↙)
B:Yes,I will.
A用降調(diào)提問(wèn),意思是:I know you will finish the work,but I want you to confirm it.
7)A:You willfinish the work,won'tyou?(↗)
B:Yes,I will.(或No,I won't.)
A用升調(diào)提問(wèn),表示A心中沒(méi)有把握,因此,得到的回答既可能是肯定的,也可能是否定的。因此,如果聽(tīng)到下面的對(duì)話并就所提問(wèn)題進(jìn)行選擇時(shí),哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)正確也就不言而喻了。
8)W:Mary says she likes playing tennis.
M:But she doesn't play tennis often,does she?(↙)
Q:Whatdoesthe man imply about Mary?(B)
[A]She plays a lot of other sports.
[B]She doesn't really like tennis.
[C]She only likes watching tennis.
[D]She has a lot of things to do.
3.語(yǔ)調(diào)可以反應(yīng)談話人的互動(dòng)性。如:
9)A:Are you Mr.Blake?
B:Yes.(↙)
A:Room twenty-six.
在這個(gè)例子中,B用降調(diào)說(shuō)“Yes”,表示B的認(rèn)可,這是一個(gè)封閉式的回答,這表明如果A沒(méi)有新的問(wèn)題要問(wèn)或新的信息要告知,也許他們的對(duì)話就可以結(jié)束了。
10)A:Are you Mr.Blake?
B:Yes?(↗)
A:Ah,the secretary would like a word with you.
在這個(gè)例子中,B用升調(diào)回答“Yes”,表示這是一個(gè)開(kāi)放式的回答,相當(dāng)于:“Yes. But why do you ask?”或是“Yes.But who want to know?”之意。這也就是說(shuō),B在回答A的問(wèn)題的同時(shí)又向A提出了一個(gè)新問(wèn)題,并要求A予以回答。
掌握了這一點(diǎn)之后,對(duì)于下面的對(duì)話所提問(wèn)的問(wèn)題,就不難回答了。
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