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新東方酷學(xué)酷玩夏令營(yíng)介紹在英語寫作中英語段落應(yīng)該怎樣寫。

1． 列舉法(details)
　　作者運(yùn)用列舉法，是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對(duì)topic sentence中擺出的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間等進(jìn)行。

　　yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything i did went wrong. first, i didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. then, i didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. during the coffee break, i dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. at lunch time, i left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. after lunch, my boss was angry because i hadn't gone to the meeting. then i didn't notice a sign on a door that said "wet paint" and so i spoilt my jacket too. when i got home i couldn't get into my flat because i had left my key in my office. so i broke a window to get in and cut my hand.
　　根據(jù)本段主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組everything i did went wrong，作者列舉了8點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，分別由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等連接詞語引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡(luò)分明、內(nèi)容連貫。
　　常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。

2. 舉例法(example)
　　作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。
　　我們來看下面這個(gè)用舉例法展開的段落。

　　there are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. for example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. for another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. in short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.

　　本段采用了三個(gè)事例來說明主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組different forms of exercises，這三個(gè)例子分別由連接詞for example, for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引導(dǎo)的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。
　　舉例法中常用的連接詞有：for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。

3. 敘述法(narration)
　　敘述法發(fā)展段落主要是按照事物本身的時(shí)間或空間的排列順序，通過對(duì)一些特有過渡連接詞的使用，有層次分步驟地表達(dá)主題句的一種寫作手段。用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義，例如：

　　in the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. when she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. she immediately called the police station. in answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.

　　這段是按照事物發(fā)展的先后順序，敘述從發(fā)現(xiàn)案情、報(bào)警、到警察趕到、包圍現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的過程。全文脈絡(luò)清晰，敘述的層次感強(qiáng)，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。
　　常用于敘述法中的過渡連接詞有：first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。

4． 對(duì)比法或比較法(comparison & contrast)
　　將同類的事物按照某種特定的規(guī)則進(jìn)行比較分析是一種常用的思維方法。通過對(duì)比，更容易闡述所述對(duì)象之間的異同和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，例如：
　　the heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. a problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.
　　在這段文字上， 作者為了突出電子計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)行速度之快，首先將它與人腦進(jìn)行了比較， "-- a thousand times faster than --" ;而后，又將這一概念具體到了 "a problem"上，通過對(duì)比使讀者從 "-- a long time -- in one minute"上有更加直觀的認(rèn)識(shí)。
　　常用于對(duì)本法或比較法上的過渡連接詞有：than, compared with等。

5． 分類法(classification)
　　在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對(duì)概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)，如：
　　ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. when there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. a nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, morse code, and picture signs.
　　在該段中為了說明topic sentence中的 "various forms of communication"，作者將其分為oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加闡述。
　　采用這種方法的段落并沒有標(biāo)志突出的連接詞，所述各項(xiàng)均為平行并列關(guān)系，所以沒有明顯的主次之分。

6．　因果分析法(cause and effect)
　　在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：
　　the role of women in today's society is changing. one reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.
　　本段中，主題句提出了一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，推展句則對(duì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因作出各種解釋。 常用于因果分析法的連接詞有：because, so, as a result等。

7． 定義法(definition)
　　在科普文章的寫作中，定義法是必不可少的。通過下定義，可以使讀者對(duì)該事物有一個(gè)更直接的認(rèn)識(shí)。
　　automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. it reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. the development of automation in american industry has been called the "second industrial revolution".
　　這一段文字使我們了解了 "automation" 和 "second industrial revolution" 兩個(gè)概念，分別由 "refers to" 和 "been called" 引出。
　　常出現(xiàn)在定義法中的詞語有：refer to, mean, call等。

8. 重復(fù)法(repetition)
　　句子的一部分反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在段落中，這就是重復(fù)法。它往往造成一種步步緊逼的氣氛，使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，有感染力。比如：
　　since that time, which is far enough away from now, i have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. i was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; i was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; i was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; --
　　該段中反復(fù)應(yīng)用了i was in mortal terror of …我經(jīng)常處于恐怖之中。
　　以上， 我們結(jié)合具體文章討論了展開段落的幾種方法。在實(shí)際寫作中，我們往往不必拘泥于一種寫作方法，而是將若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有聲有色。

結(jié)尾段
　　我們知道文章的開頭很重要，因?yàn)楹玫拈_頭可以吸引讀者、抓住讀者的注意力。同樣，文章的結(jié)尾也很重要，好的結(jié)尾會(huì)使讀者對(duì)全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和說服力，讓人深思，回味無窮。確切地說，結(jié)尾的作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，使讀者加深印象；有時(shí)也用于展望未來，提出今后方向或令人深思的問題給讀者留下回味和思考的余地。
　　但是，如何才能寫好英文短文的結(jié)尾呢? 下面就介紹幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用的方法：

　　1．重復(fù)中心思想: 回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到再次肯定和強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。
　　(例1)a sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. it gives zest to life to make it worth living.
　　(例2)with all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.

　　2．作出結(jié)論: 文章最后用幾句話概括全文內(nèi)容，并進(jìn)一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的觀點(diǎn)。
　　(例1)in conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. the students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.
　　(例2)on the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of tv. yet different people may have different attitude toward tv. but we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.

　　3．應(yīng)用引語: 用格言、諺語或習(xí)語總結(jié)全文，既言簡(jiǎn)意賅又有更強(qiáng)的說服力。
　　(例1)if you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to
permanent success. remember the famous saying. "god helps those who help themselves."
　　(例2)if we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. as an old saying goes: "constant dropping of water wears away a stone."

　　4．用反問結(jié)尾: 雖然形式是問句，但意義卻是肯定的，具有明顯的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者思考。
　　(例1)therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible?
　　(例2)so，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?

　　5．提出展望或期望: 表示對(duì)將來的展望或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。
　　(例1)i am sure that chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. as china will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.
　　(例2) if everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. if everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. with the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization.
　　以上介紹了幾種寫結(jié)尾段最常用的方法，但到底選擇何種方法結(jié)尾還得根據(jù)文體來決定。平鋪直敘的記敘文，往往在故事或事實(shí)情節(jié)講完時(shí)文章也就自然結(jié)束了，而說理性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)的說明文和議論文都應(yīng)有一個(gè)正式的結(jié)尾。希望以上介紹的幾種方法能對(duì)大家寫好結(jié)尾有所幫助。

　　首先，一個(gè)段落必須有一個(gè)中心即主題思想，該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來表達(dá)。整個(gè)段落必須緊扣這個(gè)主題(stick or hold to the topic)，這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(unity)。其次，一個(gè)段落必須有若干推展句，使主題思想得到充分展開，從而給讀者一個(gè)完整的感覺，這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者，一個(gè)段落不是雜亂無章的，而是有機(jī)的組合，句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過渡必須流暢(smooth)，這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對(duì)這三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別加以說明。

1.　統(tǒng)一性
　　一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子必須從屬于一個(gè)中心，任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請(qǐng)看下例：
　　joe and i decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. we were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. we started out in early spring from minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. we both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. to our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in new mexico.
　　本段的主題句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country。文中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences，一個(gè)是bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，這一段是講的是joe and i，中間出現(xiàn)一個(gè)bella是不合適的。還有，joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關(guān)�？忌�在四級(jí)統(tǒng)考的作文卷上常常因?yàn)樵斐鰅rrelevant sentences（不相關(guān)語句）而丟分，值得引起注意。再看一個(gè)例子：
　　my name is roseanna, and i like to keep physically fit. i used to weigh two hundred pounds, but i joined the ymca for an exercise class and diet program. in one year i lost eighty pounds. i feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. i bought two new suitcases last week. every day i practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. my mother was a premature baby.
　　本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences，一個(gè)是i bought two new suitcases last week，另一個(gè)是my mother was a premature baby。
　　從上面兩個(gè)例子可以看出，native speakers同樣會(huì)造出來irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果這種句子多了，造成偏題或離題，那問題就更嚴(yán)重了。