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北京酷學(xué)酷玩夏令營(yíng)魔鬼式每日助教過(guò)關(guān)測(cè)試，保證每名營(yíng)員必定完成每日詞匯記憶任務(wù)。

2013酷學(xué)酷玩夏令營(yíng)：

　英語(yǔ)單詞的構(gòu)成方式主要有：合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法，派生法。此外還有截短法、混合法和首字母縮略法。

　　1.合成法：把兩個(gè)或兩相以上獨(dú)立的詞合成一個(gè)新詞。

　　(1)合成名詞

　　名詞/代詞+名詞：spaceship宇宙飛船blood-test驗(yàn)血she-wolf母狼 classroom

　　名詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式：handwriting書(shū)法machine-building機(jī)器制造

　　名詞+及物動(dòng)詞+er/or：pain-killer止痛藥

　　形容詞+名詞：shorthand速記 highway公路

　　及物動(dòng)詞+名詞：breakfast早餐pickpocket扒手

　　動(dòng)詞-ing形式+名詞：flying-fish飛魚(yú)waiting-room候車(chē)室sleeping-pill安眠藥

　　副詞+動(dòng)詞：outbreak爆發(fā) output輸出 downfall垮臺(tái) input

　　動(dòng)詞+副詞：turn-off斷開(kāi)get-together聯(lián)歡會(huì);座談會(huì)

　　介詞/副詞+名詞：afternoon午后

　　(2)合成形容詞

　　形容詞/數(shù)詞+名詞+-ed：kind-hearted, cold-blooded冷血的one-eyed獨(dú)眼的，three-legged

　　名詞 +名詞+-ed：potato-shaped馬鈴薯形狀的

　　名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞：hand-made, self-educated, radio-equipped,

　　名詞/代詞+形容：color-blind色盲的

　　形容詞/數(shù)詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式：left-hand左撇子的

　　形容詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式：good-looking相貌好看的easy-going脾氣隨和的

　　副詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式：hard-working students勤勞的far-reaching深遠(yuǎn)的long-lasting耐用的

　　副詞+形容詞：ever-green trees常青樹(shù)

　　形容詞+形容詞：light-blue淺藍(lán)色的

　　動(dòng)詞+副詞：see-through pool透明的

　　介詞+名詞：downhill下坡的uphill上山的

　　(3)合成動(dòng)詞

　　副詞+動(dòng)詞：ill-treat虐待undergo經(jīng)歷overhear(無(wú)意)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)overthrow推翻

　　名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞：water-ski滑水mass-produce大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)sleep-walk夢(mèng)游

　　形容詞+動(dòng)詞：blacklist列入黑名單white-wash粉刷safe-guard保衛(wèi)

　　(4)合成副詞

　　副詞+副詞：however但是moreover而且， therefore

　　代詞+副詞：anywhere任何地方whatever無(wú)論什么 somewhere， nowhere，everywhere

　　副詞+名詞：downstairs在樓下 upstairs， upward， downward，westward，eastward

　　形容詞+名詞：anyway無(wú)論如何

　　(5)合成代詞 some, any, no可以與-thing, -one, -body合成代詞。如：

　　anybody任何人something某事everything一切nobody沒(méi)有人someone每個(gè)人

　　2.轉(zhuǎn)換法：由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞類的詞。

　　(1)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。如：

　　he visited the summer palace yesterday. 他昨天參觀了頤和園。(動(dòng)詞)

　　we paid a visit to the scientist last week. 我們上星期拜拜訪了那位科學(xué)家。(名詞)

　　he likes a quiet smoke after supper. 他喜歡在晚飯后靜靜地抽了一會(huì)兒煙。(名詞)

　　we stopped there for a swim. 我們?cè)谀莾和Ｏ聛?lái)游了一會(huì)兒泳。

　　這類名詞常與give, have, make, take等動(dòng)詞搭配形成一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作。如：

　　give a shout喊叫g(shù)ive a kick踢take a seat就座take a bath洗澡have a swim游泳

　　have a smoke吸煙make a bet打賭make a decision商定

　　又如：have a bath (chat, debate, discussion, dream, flight, interview, lie, look, quarrel, rest, ride, shave, smoke, talk, taste, try, walk, wash…)

　　make a call (demand, guess, jump, show, an advance, an attack, an attempt…)

　　(2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。如：

　　we should shoulder these responsibilities. 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)擔(dān)負(fù)起這些責(zé)任來(lái)。

　　the hall can seat two thousand people. 大廳能坐2000人。

　　he pinned great hopes on us. 他對(duì)我們寄托了很大希望。

　　they have booked their plane tickets. 他們已經(jīng)定了飛機(jī)票。

　　(3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。如：

　　the train slowed down to half its speed. /the room gradually quieted down.

　　(4)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞。如：

　　how long is the line?(形容詞)how long have you lived there?(副詞)

　　(5)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。如：the sick (病人) the beautiful (美好的事物) at the latest (最遲) at the most (至多)the true and the false (正確的與錯(cuò)誤的) the french (法國(guó)人)

　　something has gone wrong with the machine. 機(jī)器出了點(diǎn)兒毛病。(形容詞)

　　he didn’t know the difference between right and wrong. 他不知道對(duì)與錯(cuò)的區(qū)別。(名詞)

　　3.派生法：由詞根(stems)加前綴(prefixes)和后綴(suffixes)構(gòu)成新詞。

　　①前綴

　　a-(形容詞;副詞)：asleep，arise, awake, abroad(在國(guó)外)，alone(獨(dú)自)

　　co-(共同)：co-exist, co-operate

　　over-(過(guò)于)：overdo, oversimplify

　　anti-(反，防)：anti-tank, anti-clockwise

　　re-(重復(fù);再)：return, redesign, reunite, remarry(再婚)

　　super-(超級(jí)，上層)：superstar, superman, supermarket

　　sub-(下面的)：subway, subconscious

　　tele-(遠(yuǎn)程)：telephone, telegraph, telescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡)

　　bi-(雙)：bicycle, bimonthly, bilingual

　　mis-(誤)：mistake, misunderstand(誤會(huì))

　　inter-(相互;之間)：international, interrelation

　　en-(使可能)：encourage, enable(使成為可能)

　　dis-(否定)：disappear, disagree, discourage, disappoint, dishonest,

　　in-/il-/im-/ir-(不;非)：invisible(看不見(jiàn)的)，illogical, illegal(非法的), impolite, impossible, irregular, irresponsible

　　un-/non-(不;非)：unfit, unfair, unknown, non-conductor(非導(dǎo)體)

　�、诿�詞后綴

　　-er(……者)：foreigner, thinker, swimmer, traveller

　　-ese(……地方的人)：chinese, portuguese, japanese

　　-ian(精通……的人;……地方的人)：musician, magician, physician, technician, russian

　　-ist(專業(yè)人員)：artist, specialist, pianist, physicist

　　-ment(性質(zhì);狀態(tài))：government, movement, argument, engagement, development

　　-ion：expansion, discussion, decision

　　-dom：freedom, kingdom

　　-ance/ence：acceptance, allowance, dependence, confidence

　　-ee：employee, interviewee, trainee

　　-ness(性質(zhì);狀態(tài))：business, happiness, greatness, illness, darkness

　　-or(器具;……者)：cooker, tractor, actor, visitor, professor

　　-ship：friendship, leadership, hardship, scholarship

　　-tion(動(dòng)作;過(guò)程;結(jié)果)：pollution, suggestion, invention

　�、坌稳菰~后綴

　　-al：practical, continual, educational, national

　　-an：american, european, canadian, italian, australian

　　-ern：southern, northern, eastern

　　-ful：helpful, cheerful, grateful, useful, careful

　　-ary：revolutionary, secondary, imaginary

　　-ble：reasonable, horrible, comfortable, acceptable, terrible

　　-ish：foolish, childish, swedish, british, english

　　-ive：active, native, decisive, destructive, expensive

　　-y：rainy, dirty, sleepy, healthy

　　-less：careless, homeless, motherless, useless

　　-ant：important, significant, ignorant

　　-ous：serious, courageous, famous, continuous

　　-some：troublesome, tiresome, handsome, lonesome

　　④動(dòng)詞、副詞和數(shù)詞后綴

　　-fy(使……化)：simplify，beautify, amplify, satisfy, electrify

　　-en(使……變得)：strengthen, lengthen, widen

　　-ize(使……成為)：realize (實(shí)現(xiàn))，modernize, apologize, organize

　　-ly(方式;程度)：freely, badly, terribly, perfectly, truly, angrily

　　-wise：clockwise, otherwise, likewise

　　-ward(s)(方向)：towards, backward, eastward, forward, outward

　　-teen(十)：fourteen, fifteen, eighteen

　　-ty(整十位數(shù))：twenty, forty, thirty -th(序數(shù)詞)：twelfth, ninth, twentieth

　　4. 截短法: 將單詞縮寫(xiě)，詞義和詞性保持不變的英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法稱為截短法，主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。

　�、� 截頭 telephone→phone airplane→plane

　　② 去尾 mathematics→maths examination→exam kilogram→kilo laboratory→lab taxicab→taxi

　�、� 截頭去尾 influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription→script

　　5. 混合法: 英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞還可以將兩個(gè)詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個(gè)新詞，前半部分表屬性，后半部分表主體。這樣的英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法就是混合法。

　　news broadcast→newscast新聞廣播 television broadcast→telecast電視播送 smoke and fog→smog煙霧 photo and graphy→photography攝影，攝影術(shù) helicopter airport→heliport直升飛機(jī)場(chǎng)

　　6. 首字母縮略法

　　bbc(british broadcasting corporation)英國(guó)廣播公司;diy (do it yourself)自己親自做

　　nato (north atlantic treaty organization)北約;sos (save our ship)國(guó)際通用的呼救信號(hào)

　　un(the united nations)聯(lián)合國(guó);usa (the united states of america)美國(guó)

　　vip(very important person)重要人物;wto(world trade organization)世界貿(mào)易組織