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武漢新東方夏令營介紹在英語語法中過去分詞的句法功能。

武漢新東方夏令營介紹，動詞的過去分詞用法靈活，應(yīng)用廣泛，在高考試卷中，單項(xiàng)填空、完形填空、短文改錯等諸多題型都設(shè)置了對動詞過去分詞的考查。本文主要討論它的句法功能在高考單項(xiàng)填空中的應(yīng)用。��
一、過去分詞作定語
動詞過去分詞表示的意義是被動的和完成的，單個的分詞作定語常常放在被修飾詞的前面，而分詞短語作定語時，通常置于被修飾詞的后面，其作用相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。且分詞所表示的動作與其所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。
1．most of the artists ____________ to the party were from south africa．〔met90〕��
a．invited b．to invite�鷆．being invited�鷇．had been invited��
【簡析】句中的most of the artists與invited之間是被動關(guān)系，故應(yīng)選用過去分詞，相當(dāng)于who were invited，答案為a。��
2．the computer centre，____________ last year，is very popular among the students in this school．〔nmet93〕��
a．open�鷅．opening�鷆．having opened�鷇．opened��
【簡析】根據(jù)句中的last year可知the computer centre去年就開業(yè)了，表示完成的動作；而且open與the computer centre又存在被動關(guān)系，句意為：去年開辦的計算機(jī)中心在這所學(xué)校里受到學(xué)生們的歡迎。答案為d。
3．the first textbooks ____________ for teaching english as a foreign language came out in the 16th century．〔nmet94〕��
a．having written�鷅．to be written�鷆．being written�� d．written��
【簡析】根據(jù)語境，我們應(yīng)選d，因?yàn)閣ritten既表示被動又表示完成的動作。a不能作后置定語，b是不定式的被動語態(tài)，表示將來的動作，c表示正在進(jìn)行的動作，均不合題意。��
4．the olympic games，____________ in 776 bc，did not include women players until 1912．〔nmet97〕
a．first playing b．to be first played�鷆．first played�鷇．to be first playing��
【簡析】根據(jù)題意可知，the olympic games與play之間是被動關(guān)系，因此可以排除a和d，另外b表示將來的動作，也應(yīng)排除，故答案為c。它可還原成一個非限制性定語從句：which was first played in 776 bc。��
二、過去分詞作狀語��
過去分詞作狀語時，它常與句子的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。作條件、原因、時間狀語時，分詞短語常位于句首；作伴隨、方式、結(jié)果狀語時，分詞短語常位于句末。��
5．____________ more attention，the trees could have grown better．〔met90〕��
a．given b．to give�鷆．giving d．having given��
【簡析】句子主語the trees與give之間是被動關(guān)系，故答案選a，過去分詞短語given more attention作條件狀語，放于句首。��
6．____________ in thought，he almost ran into the car in front of him．〔nmet96〕��
a．losing�鷅．having lost�鷆．lost d．to lose��
【簡析】be lost in thought為固定搭配，意為“陷入沉思”，因此答案選c。過去分詞短語 lost in thought與句子主語he構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，且在句中作原因狀語。��
注意：過去分詞作狀語時，有時可以與一些連詞連用，如：when, while, if, until, once等，這實(shí)際上是過去分詞在省略句中的應(yīng)用。��
7．the research is so designed that once ____________ nothing can be done to change it．〔nmet2002〕�鷄．begins�鷅．having begun�� c．beginning�� d．begun��
【簡析】答案為d。once begun在句中作條件狀語，它是狀語從句once it is begun的省略形式，句意為：這項(xiàng)調(diào)查研究事先計劃的如此完好，以致于一旦開始，什么也無法改變它。��
8．generally speaking, ______according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (2003’上海)
a. when taking�鷅. when taken�鷆. when to take�鷇. when to be taken
【簡析】完整的說法應(yīng)是when the drug is taken according to the directions,…由于主句的主語和從句的主語相同，因此可以省略從句的主語the drug和謂語的一部分is,答案為b。當(dāng)然也可以省去when。
三、過去分詞作表語��
過去分詞及過去分詞短語作表語時，分詞所表示的動作與句子的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系；而現(xiàn)在分詞及其短語作表語時，分詞所表示的動作與句子的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。
9．cleaning women in big cities usually get ____________ by the hour．〔nmet98〕��
a．pay�鷅．paying�鷆．paid�鷇．to pay��
10．a(chǎn)s we joined the big crowd i got ____________ from my friends．〔nmet2001〕��
a．separated�鷅．spared�鷆．lost�鷇．missed��
【簡析】第8題答案為c，過去分詞paid作系動詞get的表語，類似的用法還有：get married，get beaten，get excited，get caught in等。同樣，第9題答案為a，句意為：當(dāng)我們走進(jìn)人群中時，我和朋友們分開了。��
過去分詞作表語時，應(yīng)注意它和現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞常常表示特征，意為“令人……”，而過去分詞則表示狀態(tài)，意為“（某人）感到……”。如：��
11．i used to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time，but now i am interesting in football．〔nmet97短文改錯〕��〔答案〕將interesting改為interested。��
四、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語��
過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，常見的句式有：
1．使役動詞或感官動詞(have, make, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等)＋賓語＋過去分詞。如：
yesterday i had my bicycle repaired．
the teacher spoke so slowly so that he could make himself understood．
on my way back home, i heard my name called．
另外，have還有“遭受、遭遇”的意思。如：
yesterday she had her wallet stolen when she was doing shopping．
12．the speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself ____________ ．〔met91〕��
a．hear�� b．to hear�鷆．hearing�� d．heard��
【簡析】make oneself heard為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“使自己的聲音被別人聽到”，再如make oneself understood表示“把自己的意思表達(dá)清楚”，故答案為d。��
13．-good morning．can i help you？��-i'd like to have this package __________，madam．〔met89〕�鷄．be weighed�� b．to be weighed�� c．to weigh�� d．weighed��
【簡析】have sth．done是固定結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“讓別人去做某事”或“讓某事被別人完成”，該題表示“我想讓別人稱這個包裹”，因此答案為d，過去分詞weighed作this package的賓語補(bǔ)足語。��

2．某些動詞（keep, leave, get, find）＋賓語＋過去分詞。如：
if i get further information, i’ll keep you informed．
when i came into the classroom, i found it cleared．
3．介詞with＋賓語＋過去分詞。如：
the child was crying with the glass broken．
with all the work finished, they hurried back home for lunch．
14．the murderer was brought in，with his hands ____________ behind his back．〔met90〕��
a．being tied�� b．having tied�鷆．to be tied�� d．tied��
【簡析】在with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，hands與tie之間含有被動關(guān)系，因此首先排除b，另外此處tied不但表示被動，還可以表示完成，因此a、c又可排除，故答案為d。��
15．the managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____________ the next year．〔nmet2000〕��
a．carry out�鷅．carrying out�鷆．carried out d．to carry out��
【簡析】該題句式結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，首先，先行詞the plan后跟一個由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句；在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞that替代the plan，又充當(dāng)動詞see的賓語，因此該空處于賓語補(bǔ)足語的位置；另外，the plan與carry out之間是動賓關(guān)系，故答案為c，構(gòu)成see sth．done結(jié)構(gòu)。��
五、過去分詞作獨(dú)立成分��
16．____________ the general state of his health，it may take him a while to recover from the operation．〔nmet2000春季高考〕��
a．given�� b．to give�鷆．giving�鷇．having given��
【簡析】此題答案為a。此處given是介詞，意為“假設(shè)，如果，考慮到”，句意為“鑒于他的健康狀況，手術(shù)后康復(fù)還需要一段時間”。另外，given作為這一含義時，還可作連詞，后接從句。如：
it seemed bad-tempered to send him away，given that he only wanted to take photographs．��
六、情感動詞的分詞用法
形容詞化的分詞一直備受高考的關(guān)注，尤其是表心理情感的動詞用v-ing形式，還是用v-ed形式，歷年都考，其用法請見下表： v-ing 作定語和表語，形式為 sth.+v-ing\v-ing+n. 使\令人感到......�鷙-ed作定語和表語，形式為sb.+v-ed\v-ed+n. 某人感到......��
注：1�北硎拘睦砬楦械膭釉~在教材中多次出現(xiàn)。如 satisfy，please，move，delight，inspire，touch，disappoint，discourage，tire，frighten，excite，interest，surprise等都可以加上適當(dāng)?shù)姆衷~形式來表示不同的意義。一般來說，v-ing形式有主動意義，是指事物影響到人；v-ed形式有被動意義，是指受了某事物的影響。如：��
excited children高興的孩子們�鷈xciting news令人高興的消息��
2�庇袝r過去分詞也可以修飾事物，特別是與人有關(guān)的表情、眼神、眼淚、聲音等時，要用v-ed形式。如：�鷈xcited tears激動的淚水�鷇isappointed expression失望的神情��
用括號中動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：��
1．the story was so _____ that nearly everybody was _____ to tears．（move）��
2．we are _____ in the novel which is very _____ ．（interest）��
3．i am _____ about the result．i have never spent a more _____ day．（worry）��
4．we were all _____ out when we got to the top of the hill．we never thought the climb was so _____ ．（tire）��
5．his kind words were very _____ ．though we had lost the match，we were _____ and were determined to train harder．（encourage）��
6．there is a _____ expression on his face and i am _____ what to do．（puzzle）��
7．ten years later，mother and daughter met again，_____ tears came into their eyes．（excite）��8．greatly _____ by his words，the boy went up to his teacher，and said“sorry”．（touch）��
9．he was so _____ at seeing a tiger that he stood still．（terrify）��
10．i am not _____ with either of the two pictures．（satisfy）��
參考答案：1．moving；moved 2．interested；interesting 3．worried；worrying 4．tired；tiring 5．encouraging；encouraged 6．puzzled；puzzled 7．excited 8．touched 9．terrified 10．satisfied��

分詞專練
從a、b、c、d四個選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。��
1．he told me aboutthe things ＿＿＿ at the meeting．��
a．to discuss���鷅．being discussed���鷆．discussed���鷇．be discussed��
2．a(chǎn) metal ＿＿＿ uranium gives off a kind of radiation．��
a．calling���鷅．called���鷆．is called���鷇．which called��
3．the water in this glass is too hot．i prefer some cold ＿＿＿ water．��
a．to boil���鷅．having boiled���鷆．boiled���鷇．boiling��
4．the problem just ＿＿＿ is an important one．
a．to be referred to���鷅．referred to���鷆．referring to���鷇．referred��
5．the story was so ＿＿＿ that all of us were ＿＿＿ to tears．��
a．moving; moving�� b．moved; moved�� c．moved; moving�� d．moving; moved��
6．when i entered the theatre, i saw him ＿＿＿ in the first row．��
a．sit down���� b．sat���� c．seated���� d．seating��
7．i found my daughter quite ＿＿＿ in drawing．��
a．interested���鷅．interest���鷆．interesting���� d．to interest��
8．he had his leg ＿＿＿ in the football match yesterday．��
a．to break���鷅．broken���� c．break���鷇．breaking��
9．if you have a book in front of your face, you can feel the air ＿＿＿ against your face．��
a．moving���� b．moved���� c．be moved�����鷇．to move��
10．with the job＿＿＿, they went to the cinema．��
a．doing������ b．do�������� c．to do�������� d．done��
11．with the boy ＿＿＿ the way, the soldiers managed to walk through the forest．��
a．to lead�����鷅．led�����鷆．leading�����鷇．to be leading��
12．before he came to london, he had never heard a single english word＿＿＿．�鷄．speaking�����鷅．speak�����鷆．spoken�����鷇．to speak��
13．the program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes on the screen．��
a．fixed�����鷅．to fix�����鷆．to be fixed�����鷇．fixing��
14．the captain placed the flag over the boy, leaving only his face＿＿＿。a．uncover�����鷅．uncovering�����鷆．to be uncovered�����鷇．uncovered��
15．she was very glad to see her child well ＿＿＿．��
a．take care of���鷅．taken care of���鷆．to take care of���鷇．taking care of��
從高考題看過去分詞的句法功能第 2 頁答案

情感動詞的分詞用法答案：
1．moving；moved 2．interested；interesting 3．worried；worrying 4．tired；tiring 5．encouraging；encouraged 6．puzzled；puzzled 7．excited 8．touched 9．terrified 10．satisfied��
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