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武漢新東方夏令營(yíng)為你介紹在托�？荚囍行揶o題的訓(xùn)練。

      武漢新東方夏令營(yíng)提示，修辭目的題是比較好做的題型，多做幾道題目就能對(duì)它的基本規(guī)律有了掌握，特別是對(duì)主旨的進(jìn)一步演繹部分的劃線(xiàn)，對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)該做到很好的預(yù)測(cè)答案。

　　修辭目的題關(guān)注的是劃線(xiàn)部分和周?chē)�主旨�?nèi)容的關(guān)系，常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型是細(xì)節(jié)，例子與所對(duì)應(yīng)主旨的關(guān)系。這樣對(duì)我們識(shí)別細(xì)節(jié)方面提出了主動(dòng)性要求：什么是例子?細(xì)節(jié)?大家注意以下幾個(gè)詞匯：

　　1sample;

　　2experiment;

　　3大寫(xiě)人名地名;

　　4as，such as 等舉例

　　5大范圍下的具體概念。什么是大范圍下的具體概念?籠統(tǒng)來(lái)講，全文說(shuō)children，突然提及到了3-4歲的孩子，這個(gè)3-4歲的孩子干的…事的相應(yīng)描述就是大范圍下的具體概念。且一般情況下，這些部分位于段落后面，比較好找。

　　修辭目的題的其中一種就是考察你能否識(shí)別問(wèn)你的部分是例子或細(xì)節(jié)，或者是對(duì)主旨的進(jìn)一步詳細(xì)描述，并且找出相關(guān)主旨，理論，要點(diǎn)部分。這個(gè)理論部分，我們的托福題目大部分是出現(xiàn)在前面的，少數(shù)后面情況：小部分由分號(hào)，so，hence，thus，代詞it，they，their(說(shuō)明前文話(huà)沒(méi)說(shuō)完)等理論指示性功能詞引出。這樣的話(huà)，我們是否更應(yīng)該對(duì)主旨的樣子有個(gè)基本感覺(jué)呢?這樣對(duì)我們識(shí)別主旨，理論方面提出了主動(dòng)性要求：大家一定注意附近相關(guān)這些詞：because，so，however，second，at the same time(分層詞)等功能詞及其近義詞;對(duì)每篇文章來(lái)講，都有相對(duì)應(yīng)的主旨句子的樣子：分析現(xiàn)象的，主旨就是 factor，perpaps，explanation，等引起的理論句子;分析事物的，就是事物各個(gè)方面概述性質(zhì)的第一次描述;分析考古的，就是理論+"什么什么發(fā)現(xiàn)"或化石的evidence等。

　　tpo16

　　paragraph 5: dependence on long-distance trade also meant that the great empires of the middle east were built both literally and figuratively on shifting sand. the central state, though often very rich and very populous, was intrinsically fragile, since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power, as occurred when european seafarers circumvented middle eastern merchants after vasco da gama's voyage around africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route. the ecology of the region also permitted armed predators to prowl the surrounding barrens, which were almost impossible for a state to control. peripheral peoples therefore had a great advantage in their dealings with the center, making government authority insecure and anxious.

　　12.in paragraph 5, why does the author mention the new trade route opened up by vasco da gama's fifteenth century voyage around africa?

　　○to provide evidence that european seafarers took every opportunity to bypass middle eastern merchants

　　○to present an instance in which middle eastern states lost money and power because of their reliance on long-distance trade

　　○to argue this new route became necessary when european seafarers wanted to avoid middle eastern states whose central power had begun to erode

　　○to explain how da gama helped european traders avoid the dangerous predators prowling the areas surrounding middle eastern cities

　　考察點(diǎn)通過(guò)大寫(xiě)人名就很容易確定位置，在前面我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)詞since，我們優(yōu)先看since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power

　　主干含義為：新國(guó)際貿(mào)易發(fā)展 undermine 錢(qián)和power。根據(jù)同義找答案。undermine,分析詞根，下的，不好的，mine，開(kāi)礦，有種顛覆之感。對(duì)應(yīng)答案，找一致表達(dá)含義的答案，選b. (補(bǔ)充詞匯：undermine實(shí)際就是破壞)

　　tpo 18

　　paragraph 3: most lightning takes place within a cloud when the charge separation within the cloud collapses. however, as the storm cloud develops, the ground beneath the cloud becomes positively charged and lightning can take place in the form of an electrical discharge between the negative charge of the cloud and the positively charged ground. lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive, so even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning, it has received a lot of scientific attention.

　　7.the author remarks that "lightning that strikes the ground is the most likely to be destructive" in order to explain why

　　○ this form of lightning has been investigated so much

　　○ this form of lightning is not as common as lightning within a cloud

　　○ scientific understanding of this form of lightning is important

　　○ the buildup of positive charge on the ground beneath a storm cloud can have serious consequences

　　這個(gè)題目，按照一般思路的話(huà)，原文是"…是最有破壞性的"，后面明顯出現(xiàn)了so，作為修辭目的題，我們就要關(guān)注了。在even though it represents only 20 percent of all lightning, it has received a lot of scientific attention.在eventhough部分，我們是不看的(讓步狀不說(shuō)主要)，那我們就看到了動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)：received scientific attention.我們預(yù)測(cè)，答案中肯定有"受到科學(xué)關(guān)注"這個(gè)含義的原詞或同義改寫(xiě)，輕松選a.

　　tpo 25

　　再來(lái)個(gè)技巧點(diǎn)的:

　　another prominent feature of mars's surface is cratering. the mariner spacecraft found that the surface of mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space. as on our moon, the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming that mars is a dry desert world. however, martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts. on the moon, ancient craters less than 100 meters across (corresponding to depths of about 20 meters) have been obliterated, primarily by meteoritic erosion. on mars, there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter. the martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, with martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.

　　according to paragraph 4, what is demonstrated by the fact that craters fill in much faster on mars than on the moon?

　　a. erosion from meteoritic impacts takes place more quickly on mars than on the moon.

　　b. there is more dust on mars than on the moon.

　　c. the surface of mars is a dry desert.

　　d. wind is a powerful eroding force on mars.

　　拿到題目，我們需要先去分析題干：what is demonstrated by the fact，就是說(shuō)通過(guò)一個(gè)事實(shí)說(shuō)明了什么問(wèn)題。既然是通過(guò)事實(shí)說(shuō)明的，必然就是例子craters fill in much faster on mars說(shuō)明了什么理論，還是找理論部分。我們的問(wèn)題部分所在位置由however引出，所以前文肯定是相反內(nèi)容，不能作為一致傾向;只能向后找：后面說(shuō)月亮直徑小于100米;火星沒(méi)有小于5公里的，就是說(shuō)它大。不管你是否讀懂了文章，先找最近的是否有這個(gè)主干;答案中沒(méi)有;那我們繼續(xù)向后看：the martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, with martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.說(shuō)大氣腐蝕性，風(fēng)力怎么樣;剛好能對(duì)前文火星什么的被填充的快的解釋;所以我們找大氣腐蝕性，風(fēng)吹dust一類(lèi)描述就對(duì)了。這樣就得選d了。