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現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要有兩種用法，即持續(xù)性用法(或叫未完成用法)和影響性用法(或叫已完成用法)。

一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)
持續(xù)性用法表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過去，但在過去并未完成，而是從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，此時(shí)多半會(huì)連用表示持續(xù)性的時(shí)間狀語；后者指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過去，且在過去已經(jīng)完成，但這個(gè)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在有影響，而說話者正好要強(qiáng)調(diào)的就是這個(gè)影響，此時(shí)一般沒有明顯的時(shí)間狀語，主要通過上下文來理解。如：
1. years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _________ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill. (廣東卷)
a. showed     b. has shown        c. will show  d. is showing
【分析】答案選 b。由表示對照的years ago和recent可知，“以前不知”，但“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)證明了”，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2. he was hoping to go abroad but his parents _________ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank. (湖北卷)
a. were deciding  b. have decided    c. decided            d. will decide
【分析】答案選b。因賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)是一般將來時(shí)，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞不可能是過去時(shí)態(tài)，排除選項(xiàng)a和c；由語境判斷，不是“將要決定”，而是“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)決定”，所以排除d，而選b 

另外，同學(xué)們還要特別注意以下這些習(xí)慣上要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的短語和句型：so far(到目前為止)，since(自從)，in [for, during] the past [last]…years(在過去…年中)，by now (到現(xiàn)在為止)，up to [until] now (到現(xiàn)在為止)，it's [will be] the first time that…(第一次……)等。如：
3. my brother is an actor. he _________in several film so far. (浙江卷)
a. a. appears              b. appeared           c. has appeared    d. is appearing
【分析】答案選 c。so far(到目前為止)通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。
4. the country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992. (山東卷)
a. change            b. has changed    c. changing   d. have changed
【分析】答案選 b。since 1992這類時(shí)間狀語通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。主句主語是the country life，句中he was used to是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句。
二、過去完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)
過去完成時(shí)是一種相對時(shí)態(tài)，即以某一過去時(shí)間作參照，過去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在這一過去時(shí)間的更過去，所以我們可以簡單地用“過去的過去”這五個(gè)字來理解過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：
1. he _________more than 5,000 english words when he entered the university at the age of 15. (北京卷)
a. has learned      b. would have learned       c. learned      d. had learned
【分析】答案選 d。因?yàn)樯洗髮W(xué)是過去，學(xué)了五千個(gè)英語單詞是在上大學(xué)之前，即“過去的過去”，所以用過去完成時(shí)。
2. when the old man _________ to walk back to his house, the sun _________ itself behind the mountain. (湖北卷)
a. started; had already hidden           b. had started; had already hidden
c. had started; was hiding                d. was starting; hid
【分析】答案選 a。根據(jù)句意，“開始回房子”發(fā)生在過去，“太陽落山”是在“開始回房子”之前，故過去的過去。
3. father _________for london on business upon my arrival, so i didn’t see him. (福建卷)
a. has left            b. left                  c. was leaving             d. had left
【分析】答案選 d。根據(jù)“我沒見到他”可知，“在我到達(dá)”前“父親已經(jīng)去倫敦”了，即父親去倫敦發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，故用過去完成時(shí)。
 
4. the policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _________ placed under the minister’s car. (廣東卷)
a. has been                             b. was being                          c. had been                              d. would be
【分析】答案選 c。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)小盒子“被放在部長車下”發(fā)生在“引起警察注意”之前，即“過去的過去”，所以用過去完成時(shí)。
5. “hurry up! alice and sue are waiting for you at the school gate.” “oh ! i thought they _________ without me.” (江西卷)
a. went                             b. are going                             c. have gone                         d. had gone
【分析】答案選d。因?yàn)閠hought(原以為)用的是過去時(shí)，所以他們“走了”就是“過去的過去”，故用過去完成時(shí)。
三、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)考點(diǎn)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要表示現(xiàn)在的特征、狀態(tài)、經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或客觀事實(shí)等。如：
1. months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _________ the pacific, and we met no storms. (遼寧卷)
a. was called                       b. is called                         c. had been called            d. has been called
【分析】答案選 b。因?yàn)檫@是客觀事實(shí)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
注：有關(guān)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的另一個(gè)考點(diǎn)是，在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義，而不能直接用將來時(shí)態(tài)。此時(shí)要特別注意的是，命題人有可能會(huì)設(shè)置形式上與狀語從句相似且容易混淆的賓語從句作為命題切入點(diǎn)。如：
2. “what would you do if it _________tomorrow?” “we have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.” (全國卷i)
a. rain                 b. rains                c. will rain          d. is raining
【分析】答案選 b。即在條件句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義。
3. as soon as he comes back, i’ll tell him when _________and see him. (北京卷)
a. you will come                      b. will you come        c. you come               d. do you come
【分析】答案選 a。when 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，不是狀語從句。
四、一般過去時(shí)考點(diǎn)
一般過去時(shí)主要表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的情況或動(dòng)作(包括過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作)。如：
1. “if the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, i could have been back by 6 o’clock.” “what a pity! tina _________ here to see you.” (湖南卷)
a. is             b. was             c. would be      d. has been
【分析】答案選 b。盡管上面一句用的是與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，但后面一句談的卻是發(fā)生在過去的一件真實(shí)情況，故用一般過去時(shí)。
2. scientists think that the continents _________always where they _________ today. (北京卷)
a. aren’t; are b. aren’t; were     c. weren’t; are     d. weren’t; were
【分析】答案選 c。句意是：科學(xué)家認(rèn)為各大陸并非一直在它們現(xiàn)在所處的位置。既然過去的位置與現(xiàn)在的位置不同，所以談?wù)撨^去情況用一般過去時(shí)。
五、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的情況或動(dòng)作。如：
1. listen to the two girls by the window. what language _________? (全國卷iii)
a. did they speak                             b. were they speaking
c. are they speaking                         d. have they been speaking
【分析】答案選 c。根據(jù)listen to…可知，speak 這一動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
2. since i won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. people _________ to ask how i am going to spend the money. (湖南卷)
a. phone               b. will phone      c. were phoning             d. are phoning   
【分析】答案選 d。指贏大獎(jiǎng)以來近階段正在發(fā)生的事，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
3. “are you still busy?” “yes, i _________ my work and it won’t take long.”  (浙江卷)
a. just finish                                    b. am just finishing   
c. have just finished                         d. am just going to finish
【分析】答案選 b。由it won’t take long可知即將做完了，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示即將發(fā)生的事；選項(xiàng)d表示“正打算做完”，與句意不符。
六、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過去正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的情況或動(dòng)作。如：
susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to know what she _________. (遼寧卷)
a. has done                             b. had done                     c. was doing                      d. is doing
【分析】答案選 c。用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。因 decided 和didn’t want 都是過去式，排除選項(xiàng)a和d；因“做”發(fā)生在“決定”之后，而不是之前，故不能用過去完成時(shí)，排除選項(xiàng)b 

七、一般將來時(shí)考點(diǎn)
一般將來時(shí)主要用于表示在現(xiàn)在看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。不過值得注意的是，將來時(shí)態(tài)的表示方法有很多種，如 will (shall)+v.，be going to+v.，be (about) to+v. 等，而這些不同的表達(dá)法在用法上是有區(qū)別的。如：be about to+v. 通常不與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而其他結(jié)構(gòu)則可以；表示有跡象要發(fā)生某事，通常要用 be going to+v.；進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示將來主要表示按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的事，等等。又如：will (shall)+v.和 be going to+v. 均可表示意圖，但意圖有強(qiáng)弱之分，如果是事先考慮過的意圖，要用 be going to；如果不是事先考慮過的，而是說話時(shí)刻才臨時(shí)想到的意圖，則用 will。如：
1. “did you tell julia about the result?” “oh, no, i forgot. i _________her now.” (全國卷iii)
a. will be calling b. will call           c. call           d. am to call
【分析】答案選 b。表示臨時(shí)的決定，要用“will+動(dòng)詞原形”。
另外某些短暫性動(dòng)詞(尤其是表示位置移動(dòng)的短暫性動(dòng)詞)有時(shí)還可以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來意義。如：
2. “what are you going to do this afternoon?” “i am going to the cinema with some friends. the film _________ quite early, so we _________ to the bookstore after that.” (重慶卷)  
a. finished, are going                       b. finished, go
c. finishes, are going                        d. finishes, go
【分析】答案選 c。由問句和答語i am going…可知，要用將來時(shí)態(tài)，排除選項(xiàng)a和b；電影的開始和結(jié)束是電影院在時(shí)刻表中已有的計(jì)劃，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示，而表示最近的打算或安排，則可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示。