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all too recent to be anything but sensitive

這些東西年代實(shí)在太近，不敏感也難

but this is china, and even archaeological remains can be politically controversial. the provincial government had refused your correspondent permission to visit yongchang, saying the roman connection was a “sensitive” issue involving ethnic minorities. after two unauthorised days there, your correspondent was accused of conducting “illegal interviews” and ordered to leave.

但這是在中國，一個(gè)哪怕是考古學(xué)遺物也能引起政治爭議的地方。甘肅省政府拒絕本報(bào)記者訪問永昌的請(qǐng)求，說與羅馬之間的關(guān)系是個(gè)“敏感”話題，牽涉到少數(shù)民族問題。但本報(bào)記者還是私下在那里呆了兩天，隨后便有人指責(zé)其從事“非法采訪”而勒令離開。

it may well irritate some of the proud custodians of china's cultural heritage that it was foreigners who first promoted the theory of the roman settlement. homer dubs, a professor of chinese at oxford university, raised it in a lecture delivered to the china society in london in 1955. according to dubs, the journey to gansu began in 53bc when crassus, who together with julius caesar and pompey formed rome's first triumvirate, decided to make up for his lack of military glory by going to war with the dreaded parthians.

對(duì)于某些驕傲的中國傳統(tǒng)文化遺產(chǎn)管理者來說，首先創(chuàng)立羅馬定居理論的是外國人，這可能很讓他們惱火。1955年，牛津大學(xué)中文教授霍墨爾•杜布斯（homer dubs）在倫敦中國協(xié)會(huì)（china society in london）的一次演講中首先提出了這一理論。據(jù)杜布斯考證，向甘肅的旅程開始于公元前53年，當(dāng)時(shí)曾與裘力斯•凱撒和龐培（pompey）組成羅馬帝國三人執(zhí)政團(tuán)的克拉蘇（crassus）決意東征，向人們懼怕的帕提亞人（parthians）開戰(zhàn)，以彌補(bǔ)他戰(zhàn)功的不足。

crassus's legions were no match for the parthian archers, nimble horsemen who could loose their arrows off even as they turned. of the 42,000 romans who set out, 20,000 were killed and 10,000 were captured in the battle of carrhae, in modern turkey; it was one of the most spectacular losses of roman military history. according to pliny the elder, the roman prisoners were used by the parthians as guards on their eastern frontier in what is today turkmenistan. from there, dubs conjectured, some escaped and joined the huns as mercenaries. in 36bc, chinese troops on a punitive venture defeated the hun ruler zhizhi in today's uzbekistan. among their captives they found 145 romans. dubs says the chinese kept the ex-legionaries as frontier guards, installing them in a specially created town called liqian in what is now gansu.

克拉蘇的軍團(tuán)不是帕提亞弓弩手的對(duì)手，因?yàn)楹笳吖�馬嫻熟，特別善于在騎馬撤退時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)身放出致命的回馬箭。羅馬軍團(tuán)出發(fā)時(shí)為4萬2千人，結(jié)果在現(xiàn)今土耳其境內(nèi)的卡爾萊（carrhae）會(huì)戰(zhàn)中2萬人陣亡，1萬人被俘；這是羅馬軍事史上最引人注目的失敗之一。根據(jù)普林尼長者（pliny the elder）的記錄，帕提亞人利用羅馬俘虜來守衛(wèi)他們的東部邊境，駐扎在今天的土庫曼斯坦（turkmenistan）。杜布斯猜想，有些俘虜從那里逃亡，以雇傭軍身份加入了匈奴軍隊(duì)。公元前36年，中國軍隊(duì)在向今天的烏茲別克斯坦（uzbekistan）進(jìn)行的一次懲罰性遠(yuǎn)征中擊敗了匈奴統(tǒng)治者郅支單于，并在抓獲的俘虜中發(fā)現(xiàn)了145名羅馬人。杜布斯認(rèn)為，中國人留下了原來的羅馬軍團(tuán)殘部，讓他們戍守邊陲，還特地為他們?cè)诂F(xiàn)今甘肅境內(nèi)修建了一座城鎮(zhèn)驪靬（liqian）。

if only there were proof. dubs's theory rests mainly on tantalising hints found in ancient chinese historiography, none of which refers specifically to romans. there is a reference to the use of a “fish-scale formation” by soldiers in zhizhi's army, which dubs said described the testudo formation of overlapping shields “made only by roman soldiers”. and zhizhi's town had a double wooden palisade outside its wall—a type of fortification he said was often used by romans and not by the huns. then there is the name of the town, liqian, which may have been used at the time to refer to the roman empire. in 9ad the name of liqian was changed for a few years to jielu, which may mean “prisoners captured in storming a city”. in the sixth century liqian ceased to be used as a placename.

如果有證據(jù)就好了。但杜布斯理論主要建筑在他從中國古代史書中找到的誘人線索上，其中沒有哪一條特別說明是羅馬人。其中有一份參考文獻(xiàn)提到了郅支單于的軍隊(duì)使用的“夾門魚鱗陣”，杜布斯認(rèn)為這里說的是“只有羅馬士兵才用的”使用重疊盾牌的龜甲大盾陣法。而且郅支單于的城池外有雙重木樁柵欄，杜布斯認(rèn)為這種防御工事是羅馬人常用的，而不是匈奴人用的。然后就是城鎮(zhèn)的名字驪靬，這可能是當(dāng)時(shí)用來指羅馬帝國的。從公元9年開始，驪靬這個(gè)名字曾有幾年被“揭虜”代替，后者的意思是“襲擊一座城市抓獲的俘虜”。 驪靬在6世紀(jì)不再被用作地名。

dubs was not the only one to believe in the roman connection. guan yiquan, a chinese scholar in lanzhou, the capital of gansu, also became convinced that liqian had links to rome. from 1978 until his death 20 years later, he laboured on a huge 450,000-character tome on liqian. according to his son, guan heng, it was not until 1988 that he saw a copy of dubs's lecture, which happened to dovetail with his own views. unfortunately, as the younger mr guan admits, it too contains no clincher.

相信羅馬聯(lián)系說的不只杜布斯一個(gè)人。甘肅省省會(huì)蘭州的一位中國學(xué)者關(guān)意權(quán)后來也確信驪靬跟羅馬有關(guān)系。從1978年起直到20年后去世，他一直在努力書寫一部有關(guān)驪靬的45萬字的巨著。據(jù)他的兒子關(guān)亨說，直到1988年關(guān)意權(quán)才看到了一份杜布斯的演講，其中觀點(diǎn)剛好與他的想法吻合。但正如關(guān)亨承認(rèn)的那樣，關(guān)意權(quán)也沒有有力證據(jù)。

chinese officials would probably not have cottoned on to the tourist-pulling potential of the roman story had it not been for an australian writer and adventurer, david harris. mr harris, virtually penniless and upset by the break-up of his marriage, decided to set out for china in search of the town mentioned by dubs. with the help of the elder mr guan, he narrowed his search to the village of zhelaizhai. his experiences are described in his travel book, “black horse odyssey”.

如果沒有澳大利亞作家與探險(xiǎn)家大衛(wèi)•哈里斯（david harris），中國官員可能不會(huì)理解這個(gè)羅馬故事在拉動(dòng)旅游業(yè)上的潛力。由于婚姻失敗而實(shí)際上沒什么財(cái)產(chǎn)、心煩意亂的哈里斯決定前往中國，去尋找那座杜布斯敘述過的城鎮(zhèn)。在關(guān)意權(quán)的幫助下，他把搜索范圍縮小到了者來寨。他在他的游記《黑馬奧德賽》（“black horse odyssey”）中描述了自己的經(jīng)歷。