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廣州新東方酷學(xué)酷玩夏令營(yíng)：

過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式（past perfect progressive tense）
過(guò)去完成式的形式如下：
had + past participle
過(guò)去完成式是不能單獨(dú)用的。我們用的時(shí)候，必須有另一個(gè)事件。也就是說(shuō)，假如我們有兩件事 a 和 b，兩件事都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但 a 發(fā)生在 b 以前，a 應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成式，b 則用過(guò)去式。以下是幾個(gè)例子：
（1）  他到臺(tái)灣以前，曾學(xué)過(guò)中文。
he had studied chinese before he came to taiwan.
（2）  他念大學(xué)以前，曾前工作過(guò)。
he had worked before he decided to go to college.
（3）  我寫這篇有關(guān)愛(ài)爾蘭的小說(shuō)以前，曾去過(guò)愛(ài)爾蘭。
i had been to ireland before i wrote this book about ireland's people.
（4）  我在上大學(xué)以前，已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)微積分。
i had studied calculus before i got into college.
（5）  周一以前，已經(jīng)下過(guò)雪了。
it had already snowed before monday.
如果我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)較早發(fā)生事件的連續(xù)性，我們可以用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式。占去完成進(jìn)行式和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had 。以下是一些過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行式的例子：
1.  i had been watching tv before you called me.
2.  i had been working hard in a company for many years before i went to college.
3.  he had been studying before he went to class.
4.  he had been driving all day before he went to sleep.
過(guò)去完成時(shí)

1） 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去
----|-------|-----|---->其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。
she said (that) she had never been to paris.
b. 狀語(yǔ)從句
在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
when the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"
we had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
he said that he had learned some english before.
by the time he was twelve, edison had began to make a living by himself.
tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
形式：
i （or you，he，john，they，those men） had been studying．
770  過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法很相近，它通常表示一個(gè)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某時(shí)的動(dòng)作：
he had been waiting for two weeks． he was still waiting．（有一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)）
up to that time he had been translating those books．（he was still translating at “that time”．）
he had been writing the letter till two o'clock．
he was now thirty years old．he had been gambling since he was ten．（he was still gambling at thirty．）
he had been standing there in the sun．（沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）
he had been thinking about his marriage．
不過(guò)這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)并不一定表示這個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作將持續(xù)下去：
he came back at seven．he had been waiting for her two hours．（at seven he did not wait any more．）
he stopped swimming．he had been swimming for the last three hours．
另一方面，這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)也和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一樣，也可有一些特別的含義：
1）尚未完成：
he had been writing the novel．（he had not finished it yet．） 2）企圖：
he had been studying the meaning of this proverb．（he was trying to study it．）
3）未得結(jié)果：
we had been studying what our enemy had said．（but we were not able to understand it．）
4）最近情況：
he had been quarrelling with his wife．（lately）
5）反復(fù)動(dòng)作：
he had been asking me the same question．（many times）
6）情緒：
what had he been doing？（不耐煩）
這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)很少用在否定句中，而多以過(guò)去完成時(shí)代替：
he had not practised english for many years．（普通說(shuō)法）
he had not been practising english for many years．（少見(jiàn)）
這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)還可用在said，supposed等引起的間接引語(yǔ)中，代替現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：
he said，“i have been speaking to john．”＝ he said that he had been speaking to john．
he thought，“she was watching me when i passed．”＝ he thought that she had been watching him when he had passed．

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